The Dome of the Rock (Arabic: ? ???? Qubbat al-Sakhrah, Hebrew: ?? ?? Kippat ha-Sela) is a shrine located on the Temple Mount in the Old City of Jerusalem. It was initially completed in 691 CE at the order of Umayyad Caliph Abd al-Malik during the Second Fitna. The Dome of the Rock is now one of the oldest works of Islamic architecture.[2] It has been called “Jerusalem’s most recognizable landmark,”[3] and it is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, along with two nearby Temple Mount structures, the Western Wall, and the “Resurrection Rotunda” in the nearby Church of the Holy Sepulchre.[4] Its architecture and mosaics were patterned after nearby Byzantine churches and palaces.[5] The octagonal plan of the structure may also have been influenced by the Byzantine Church of the Seat of Mary (also known as Kathisma in Greek and al-Qadismu in Arabic) built between 451 and 458 on the road between Jerusalem and Bethlehem.[5]
The site’s significance stems in part from religious traditions regarding the rock, known as the Foundation Stone, at its heart, which bears great significance for Jews and Muslims. It is recognized by all three Abrahamic religions as the site of Abraham’s attempted sacrifice of his son, although they differ on which son was to be sacrificed. Judaism and Christianity believe it was Isaac, according to the Book of Genesis (Genesis 22:2 NRSV), and Islam upholds that it was Ishmael.
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